Foreword.................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction by The Right Honorable The Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales      10

London and the Challenge of Implementing European Standards for Multilingual Criminal Justice      15

Section 1. The Right to Interpretation/Translation in Europe................................................. 18

§1. How Does the Right to Interpretation Assistance Arise?............................................. 21

§2. When is Interpretation Assistance Available?.............................................................. 22

§3. The Translation of Documents..................................................................................... 23

§4. The Adequacy of the Interpretation.............................................................................. 25

§5. Free Assistance?.......................................................................................................... 26

Section 2. The Response in London...................................................................................... 27

Access to law in the English Criminal Justice process: what safeguards for the accused?...... 34

Section 1. The guarantees of access to law in the English Criminal Justice system............... 36

§1. Avoiding full criminal trials in the English Criminal procedure................................... 36

§2. The formal safeguards allowing access to law in the English Criminal procedure....... 39

Section 2. The restrictions on access to law in the English Criminal Justice system.............. 42

§1. The informal restraints to an effective access to law in the English Criminal procedure 42

§2. Allowing a full access to law in the English Criminal procedure..................................... 45

Is it really possible to remain silent under English law? Some evolutions and perspectives of the right to silence in England and Wales         50

Section 1. The nature of the right to silence........................................................................... 52

§1. Situations in which a person can exercise the right to remain silent............................. 53

§2. Access to the right to silence........................................................................................ 54

§3. Legal advice and access to the right to silence.............................................................. 55

Section 2. The evolution of the right to silence...................................................................... 56

§1. Section 34 of the CJPO Act or the effect of an accused's failure to mention facts when questioned or charged  58

§2. Sections 36 and 37.......................................................................................................... 60

Section 3. Limits and effects of the 1994 provisions on the interviewing of suspects........... 62

§1. The conditions under which adverse inferences can reasonably be drawn from a defendant's silence         62

§2. The notion of significant silence.................................................................................. 63

§3. Legal advice and interviewing practices....................................................................... 64

Law, language and access to justice in Northern Ireland: Remedying the great mischief...... 73

Introduction....................................................................................................................... 73

Section 1: The Administration of Justice (Language) Act (Ireland) 1737: to remedy great mischiefs?   75

Section 2: Historical background and context: The Irish language as a marker of cultural and political identity in Northern Ireland    77

Section 3: The Belfast Agreement, the St Andrews Agreement and the commitments made to the Irish language        79

Section 4: In the Matter of an Application by Caoimhin Mac Giolla Catháin for Judicial Review          81

Section 5: The UK Government's international obligations to legislate to protect the Irish language     83

Section 6: Consultation on Proposals for an Irish Language Bill 2015: A missed opportunity? 85

Playing Hide-and-Seek! Barriers to Access to Justice for Family Disputants in England and Wales      94

Section 1: Access to Justice and its meanings....................................................................... 95

Section 2: Access to Civil Justice in England and Wales....................................................... 97

Section 3: CLOCK: Legal Education Meets Litigants in Person......................................... 104

Language, Culture and Pre-contractual Liability in English and French law....................... 109

Section 1. Misunderstanding as to legal categories.............................................................. 109

§1. Opposite statements as to pre-contractual liability in English and French law........... 109

§2. A pre-contractual liability deriving from other legal categories in English law.......... 114

Section 2. An expansive interpretation of English law to sanction pre-contractual behaviours 117

§1. Expanding the notion of misrepresentation................................................................ 118

§2. Specific types of contracts expanding the negotiators' duties.................................... 119

Lost in "a labyrinth without a clew": the subject of the Law in Gothic fiction.................... 126

Section 1. The Law as a castle and /or labyrinth.................................................................. 126

Section 2. Opacity and the tortures of suspense.................................................................. 132

Section 3. Legal narratives as traps...................................................................................... 136